300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
IEC 61850 GOOSE Explained: Complete Technical Guide
IEC 61850 GOOSE explained in depth: PDU structure, the GOOSE control block, stNum and sqNum behavior, retransmission timing, multicast, and data sets.
GOOSE vs Sampled Values in IEC 61850: Key Differences
GOOSE vs Sampled Values compared on five points: data type, transmission behavior, latency, Ethernet transport, and use cases, plus network requirements.
IEC 61850 Data Sets: Static vs Dynamic Explained
IEC 61850 data sets compared: static, persistent dynamic, and non-persistent dynamic. How each is stored, how they map to MMS, and when to use which one.
What Is IEC 61850? The Language of Power System Functions
IEC 61850 is a data model, not just a protocol. How logical nodes give the substation a vocabulary, how ACSI abstracts services, and what SCL actually does.
IEC 61850 MMS Explained: Reporting, Control, Services
IEC 61850 MMS explained end to end: the client-server model, how the object model maps to MMS, the service set, the communication stack, and real applications.
IEC-101 vs IEC-104 — Key Differences Explained
Clear technical comparison of IEC-101 vs IEC-104, explaining key differences, communication flow, and how IEC-101 to IEC-104 conversion works.
Wireshark IEC 104: Decode IEC 60870-5-104 Traffic
Wireshark IEC 104 decoding on TCP 2404: I, S, and U frame types, ASDU type IDs, cause of transmission values, CP56Time2a timestamps, and SPAN capture setup.
Zero-Trust Architecture for SCADA — Securing IEC 60870-5-104 Systems
Adopt Zero-Trust Architecture for SCADA and IEC 60870-5-104 systems to secure networks, authenticate devices, and prevent insider and external threats.