300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
IEC 60870-5-104 Type IDs Explained: Complete Reference Guide
Complete reference for all IEC 60870-5-104 type IDs. Covers monitor, control, system, parameter, and file transfer ASDUs with data formats, quality flags, and COT.
IEC 61850 Sampled Values (SV): Process Bus Reference
IEC 61850 Sampled Values reference: the 9-2 spec, frame structure and ASN.1 encoding, SmpSynch values, control blocks, IEC 62351-6 security, and PRP/HSR.
Instant IEC-104 Decoder - Paste Any IEC-104 Hex Frame, Get Clear Results
Decode IEC-104 frames instantly in your browser. Paste hex data to view APCI, ASDU, timestamps, values, and quality bits with a fast, offline IEC-104 decoder.
Instant IEC 101 Decoder - Paste Any IEC 101 Hex Frame, Get Clear Results
Free online IEC 101 Decoder. Paste your hex frame and get instant, clear link-layer and ASDU details. No installs, no uploads, everything runs in your browser.
IEC 101 Frame Formats Explained | Fixed & Variable Frames
Learn IEC 101 frame formats. Understand fixed and variable-length frames, control fields, and ASDU structure with real IEC 101 examples.
Wireshark IEC 104: Decode IEC 60870-5-104 Traffic
Wireshark IEC 104 decoding on TCP 2404: I, S, and U frame types, ASDU type IDs, cause of transmission values, CP56Time2a timestamps, and SPAN capture setup.
How IEC 60870-5-104 Works Over Ethernet — Complete Technical Guide
Learn how IEC 60870-5-104 transmits SCADA data over Ethernet and TCP/IP, including frame structure, connection flow, and real-world implementation tips.