300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
Null Modem Cable Pinout: DB9 & DB25 Wiring Reference
Null modem cable pinout for DB9 and DB25 connectors. See 3-wire, loopback, and full handshaking wiring, plus how it differs from a straight cable.
XON and XOFF: Software Flow Control Explained
XON and XOFF are the two characters behind serial software flow control. See the DC1/DC3 codes, the pause-resume cycle, and when to use it vs RTS/CTS.
RS-232 DB9 Pinout: Signal Reference, Wiring, and Field Troubleshooting
he full RS-232 DB9 (DE-9) pinout with signal directions, voltage levels, null modem vs straight-through wiring, and industrial troubleshooting.
Modbus over RS485 Communication Frequency and Baud Rate
Modbus over RS485 communication frequency explained: real baud rate limits, bit timing, cable length, and how to size your poll cycle correctly in the field.
RS232 vs RS485: Key Differences, Comparison, and Pinout Explained
Compare RS232 vs RS485 communication standards — learn key differences in wiring, pinouts, speed, distance, and applications for serial devices.
RS-485 Wiring Guide: Best Practices, Installation Steps, and Common Mistakes to Avoid
Learn RS-485 wiring best practices with our complete installation guide. Discover tips, diagrams, and common mistakes to ensure reliable network performance.
RS-485 vs Ethernet: Choosing the Right Network for Modbus
Compare RS-485 vs Ethernet for Modbus communication. Learn key differences, pros, and best use cases to choose the right Modbus network for your system.