300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
CAN FD Explained: Bigger Frames, Faster Data Phase
CAN FD explained: how the data phase switches to a faster bit rate, 64-byte payloads, BRS and ESI bits, the compatibility problem with classic controllers, and CAN FD light.
DeviceNet Explained: CAN, CIP, Power and Wiring
DeviceNet explained: how it layers CIP over CAN, the four message groups, MAC IDs and duplicate detection, bus power limits, cable types, and speed vs distance limits.
CAN Bus Protocol Explained: Frames, Arbitration, Errors
CAN bus protocol explained from the standards: dominant and recessive bits, identifier arbitration, the five frame formats, error states and bus-off, CAN FD and CAN XL.
CAN Bus Wiring and Termination: The Complete Guide
CAN bus wiring done right: why 120 ohm termination at both ends, split termination, stub limits, voltage levels to measure, and the faults that cause intermittent errors.
SAE J1939 Explained: Network Architecture and Standards
SAE J1939 explained: how the document family fits together, the three physical layer options, Type I and Type II connectors, bridges vs gateways, and subnetwork design.