300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
IEC 61850 MMS Port 102 Explained
IEC 61850 MMS port 102 explained: why the ISO-on-TCP port was kept, what data rides on it, how GOOSE and SV differ, Wireshark filters, and firewall rules.
IEC 61850 Control Models: Direct, SBO, and Enhanced Security
IEC 61850 control models explained: all five ctlModel values, what enhanced security really means, the Select-Operate flow, and what happens after Operate.
IEC 61850 Data Types Explained: The Complete Practical Guide
IEC 61850 data types from the ground up: basic types, common data classes, data objects and attributes, and how each is encoded in MMS, GOOSE, and SV.
Wireshark GOOSE: Decode IEC 61850 Messages
Wireshark GOOSE decoding step by step: filter EtherType 0x88B8, read gocbRef and datSet, and use stNum and sqNum to spot the exact moment an event fires.
IEC 61850 Sampled Values (SV): Process Bus Reference
IEC 61850 Sampled Values reference: the 9-2 spec, frame structure and ASN.1 encoding, SmpSynch values, control blocks, IEC 62351-6 security, and PRP/HSR.
IEC 61850 GOOSE Explained: Complete Technical Guide
IEC 61850 GOOSE explained in depth: PDU structure, the GOOSE control block, stNum and sqNum behavior, retransmission timing, multicast, and data sets.
GOOSE vs Sampled Values in IEC 61850: Key Differences
GOOSE vs Sampled Values compared on five points: data type, transmission behavior, latency, Ethernet transport, and use cases, plus network requirements.
IEC 61850 Data Sets: Static vs Dynamic Explained
IEC 61850 data sets compared: static, persistent dynamic, and non-persistent dynamic. How each is stored, how they map to MMS, and when to use which one.
What Is IEC 61850? The Language of Power System Functions
IEC 61850 is a data model, not just a protocol. How logical nodes give the substation a vocabulary, how ACSI abstracts services, and what SCL actually does.
IEC 61850 MMS Explained: Reporting, Control, Services
IEC 61850 MMS explained end to end: the client-server model, how the object model maps to MMS, the service set, the communication stack, and real applications.