300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
CIP Service Codes Complete Reference: Common Services and Object-Specific Codes
Complete reference of CIP service codes: Get_Attribute_Single, Set_Attribute_Single, Forward_Open, Multiple_Service_Packet, and all common services.
DLR Device Level Ring Explained: Ring Redundancy for EtherNet/IP
How DLR delivers 3 ms recovery on EtherNet/IP rings: ring supervisor election, beacon frames, fault detection, topology limits, and troubleshooting.
EtherNet/IP Encapsulation Protocol Explained: The 24-Byte Header That Carries CIP
How EtherNet/IP wraps CIP onto TCP/IP: the 24-byte encapsulation header, commands, session management, Common Packet Format, and status codes.
CIP Safety vs PROFIsafe: An Honest Comparison of SIL3 Safety Protocols
CIP Safety vs PROFIsafe: real technical differences in addressing, time monitoring, engineering tools, ecosystem, and when to pick which. Vendor-neutral.
CIP Safety Explained: How EtherNet/IP Carries SIL3 Safety Data
How CIP Safety works on EtherNet/IP: the Black Channel principle, Safety Validator objects, SafetyOpen, SNN, Time Coordination, and troubleshooting.
CIP Object Model Explained: Classes, Instances, Attributes, and Services
Understand the CIP object model used in EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, and ControlNet. Covers classes, instances, attributes, services, Forward Open, and error codes.
Wireshark EtherNet/IP: Decode CIP Traffic
Wireshark EtherNet/IP capture and decode: CIP services, Forward_Open on TCP 44818, implicit I/O on UDP 2222, status codes, and connection troubleshooting.
SCADA Security: Complete Guide to Protecting Control Systems
Learn how to secure SCADA systems from cyber threats. Covers network segmentation, remote access, IEC 62443 zones, real attacks, and a practical checklist.
CIP Protocol Ports: How EtherNet/IP Uses Ports 44818 and 2222
CIP Protocol Ports explained: learn how EtherNet/IP uses ports 44818 and 2222 to transport CIP messages for configuration, diagnostics, and real-time I/O communication.
What Is CIP? Common Industrial Protocol Explained
Learn how the CIP protocol works, including objects, messaging, safety, and motion. A simple, complete guide to Common Industrial Protocol for automation.