300+ SCADA Protocol Articles & Guides
Deep dives on Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850, OPC UA, Profinet, MQTT, IEC 62443, and substation automation — written for practicing engineers.
HTTP vs MQTT: Which to Use for Real-Time Messaging
HTTP vs MQTT compared for real-time messaging: long polling, SSE, WebSockets, and MQTT weighed on latency, scale, direction, and delivery guarantees.
MQTT 5 Flow Control Explained: Receive Maximum
MQTT 5 Flow Control: Receive Maximum (Property 0x21), Maximum Packet Size, in-flight QoS 1 and QoS 2 limits, Reason Code 0x93, tuning, examples.
MQTT 5 Negative Acknowledgements: Reason Codes Explained
MQTT 5 negative acknowledgements: how Reason Codes signal failure in PUBACK, PUBREC, SUBACK, CONNACK, DISCONNECT. Complete failure handling reference.
MQTT 5 vs MQTT 3.1.1: Differences, Features & Migration
MQTT 5 vs MQTT 3.1.1 compared: every difference, every new feature, behavioral changes, packet-level changes, and how to decide which version to use.
MQTT Publish, Subscribe & Unsubscribe: Packets Explained
How MQTT publish, subscribe and unsubscribe work: the PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE and UNSUBSCRIBE packets, every field, and the SUBACK and UNSUBACK acknowledgements.
What Is MQTT? Protocol Architecture, Packets & How It Works
MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe protocol for IoT. Learn its architecture, packet structure, QoS, sessions, security and how the protocol works.
Wireshark MQTT: Decode Industrial IoT Traffic
Wireshark MQTT capture and decode: display filters, CONNECT and PUBLISH packets, QoS levels, Sparkplug B payloads, TLS on 8883, and broker troubleshooting.
IEC 61850-3 Ethernet Switch: Requirements and Testing
IEC 61850-3 Ethernet switch requirements in full: EMC and immunity limits, power supply ratings, climatic and seismic tests, VLAN setup, and IEEE 1613 compared.