Industrial communication networks are very different from office or IT networks. In factories, substations, water plants, and process industries, communication is part of the control system itself. If data stops flowing, machines can stop, processes can become unstable, alarms may be delayed, and safety can be affected. Because of this, industrial networks must be highly available, predictable, and… Read More »
Industrial Ethernet networks form the backbone of modern SCADA, substation automation, manufacturing, and process control systems. Unlike traditional office IT networks, industrial networks must provide high availability, predictable behavior, and fast recovery from failures. Even short communication interruptions can lead to production losses, control instability, or safety risks. To meet these requirements, redundancy is commonly built into industrial… Read More »
SCADA systems provide supervisory monitoring, data acquisition, and remote control of field devices by collecting alarms and status information from distributed sites. Unlike typical IT applications, SCADA traffic is event-driven, time-sensitive, and often safety-critical. Because of this, the choice of VPN technology can directly affect how well SCADA protocols behave over wide-area or untrusted networks. WireGuard and OpenVPN… Read More »
TCP port 22 is one of the most important ports in modern computer networks. It is the default port used by SSH (Secure Shell), a protocol designed to provide secure remote access to systems over an untrusted network. Whenever engineers connect to a server, network device, or industrial system using SSH, they are almost always using TCP port… Read More »
Ethernet has become the backbone of modern power system automation. From protection relays and bay controllers to SCADA gateways and digital substations, Ethernet networks now carry time-critical protection traffic alongside operational and engineering data. However, substations are among the harshest environments in which communication equipment can be installed. High electromagnetic interference, wide temperature ranges, vibration, and electrical transients… Read More »
61850 Test Software is essential for validating communication, interoperability, and correct behavior in modern digital substations. From GOOSE messaging and MMS communication to multivendor interoperability checks, the right testing tools help engineers verify that protection, control, and automation systems operate safely and reliably before and after commissioning. This article reviews some of the most widely used IEC 61850… Read More »
IEC 61850 has become the global standard for substation communication systems, enabling interoperability between protection relays, bay controllers, SCADA systems, and engineering tools. At the heart of IEC 61850 client/server communication is MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification)—and one of the most searched questions is: What port number does IEC 61850 MMS use? This article provides a complete explanation of… Read More »
IEC 60870-5-104, commonly called IEC 104, is a widely used communication protocol in power system SCADA networks. Because IEC 104 runs over TCP/IP, port numbers are a critical part of how devices communicate, how firewalls are configured, and how cybersecurity is enforced. This guide explains all IEC 60870-5-104 port numbers, with a clear focus on unsecured connections using… Read More »
IACS Cybersecurity focuses on protecting Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) such as SCADA, PLCs, RTUs, DCS, IEDs, and industrial networks from cyber threats while ensuring safety, availability, and operational reliability. For operators of critical infrastructure—power utilities, oil and gas, manufacturing, water, and renewable energy—cybersecurity is no longer optional. Modern industrial systems are connected, remote-access enabled, and increasingly… Read More »
The Moxa MGate 5119 Series is an industrial protocol gateway designed for substation automation and power industry applications. It enables reliable data integration between Modbus TCP/IP devices and IEC 61850 MMS-based systems, allowing utilities and system integrators to modernize substations while preserving existing field equipment. Purpose and Application Scope The MGate 5119 is designed to integrate legacy and… Read More »