Port 22 is the default TCP port for SSH (Secure Shell). Every SSH service runs through this single port — remote login, command execution, SFTP and SCP file transfer, port forwarding, and tunneling. When you type ssh user@server, your client connects to port 22 unless you tell it otherwise. Port 22 is also one of the most scanned… Read More: Port 22 (SSH): What It Is, How to Change and… »
61850 Test Software is essential for validating communication, interoperability, and correct behavior in modern digital substations. From GOOSE messaging and MMS communication to multivendor interoperability checks, the right testing tools help engineers verify that protection, control, and automation systems operate safely and reliably before and after commissioning. This article reviews some of the most widely used IEC 61850… Read More: 4 Best IEC 61850 Test Software for GOOSE & MMS… »
Commercial SCADA software costs thousands of dollars per license. For students, small plants, research labs, and proof-of-concept projects, that cost is a barrier. The good news: several free and open-source SCADA platforms now deliver real-time monitoring, alarm management, HMI design, data logging, and PLC integration — without any licensing cost. Some have no tag limits. Some run in… Read More: Best Free SCADA Software in 2026: 12 Open-Source and Free… »
IEC-60870-5-104 (IEC-104) is one of the most widely used protocols for telecontrol communication in power utilities, substations, renewable energy sites, industrial automation, and critical infrastructure networks. Its simplicity, efficiency, and ability to run over standard TCP/IP networks make it attractive for SCADA systems worldwide. But IEC-104 has a serious security problem: IEC-104 has no built-in security — no… Read More: Securing IEC-104 Traffic Over OpenVPN: A Complete Technical Guide for… »
DNP3-IP, designed for distribution SCADA and remote telemetry, and IEC 61850, built for advanced substation automation and high-speed protection schemes, represent two fundamentally different communication approaches in modern power systems. Modern electric power systems depend on digital communication networks that connect substations, field devices, control centers, and automation systems. Two of the most important communication standards in this… Read More: DNP3 vs IEC 61850: Full Technical Comparison of SCADA and… »
Monitoring SCADA protocol traffic is essential for diagnosing field issues, validating protocol behavior, troubleshooting mapping or timing problems, and improving the reliability of industrial automation systems. Whether the system uses legacy serial-based protocols such as Modbus RTU, IEC 60870-5-101, or DNP3 Serial, or modern TCP/IP-based protocols such as Modbus TCP, IEC 60870-5-104, DNP3 TCP, or IEC 61850, having… Read More: How to Monitor SCADA Protocol Traffic (Modbus RTU/TCP, IEC-104, DNP3,… »
IEC 60870-5-104, commonly called IEC 104, remains one of the most widely deployed telecontrol protocols in power system SCADA networks worldwide. It extends IEC 60870-5-101 for operation over TCP/IP, enabling real-time data exchange between control centers and remote terminal units (RTUs) in electrical engineering and power system automation applications. As of early 2026, the IEC 104 base protocol… Read More: IEC 104 News 2026: Standard Updates, Security & NIS2 Compliance »
In modern SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, choosing the right communication protocol can determine how efficiently, securely, and reliably data moves between control centers and field equipment. Two of the most widely used open standards are DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol version 3) and IEC 60870-5-104. While both were designed for real-time monitoring and control, they differ… Read More: DNP3 vs IEC 60870-5-104: Which Protocol Is Better for SCADA? »
One of the most important settings on any serial link is the baud rate — often called the Modbus over RS485 communication frequency. It sets how fast data moves across the bus, and it drives three things you care about on site: how far the cable can run, how many devices you can poll per second, and how… Read More: Modbus over RS485 Communication Frequency and Baud Rate »
IEC-60870-5-101 (IEC-101) and IEC-60870-5-104 (IEC-104) are two of the most important communication protocols used in electrical power systems, especially in substations and national SCADA systems. Both belong to the IEC-60870-5 family, which defines how remote telecontrol data is exchanged for monitoring, supervision, and automation. Even though the two protocols share the same information structure (ASDUs), they behave very… Read More: IEC-101 vs IEC-104 — Key Differences Explained »